Prostate Cancer

A small gland in the male reproductive system called the prostate makes the fluid that carries and nourishes sperm. This gland, which is about the size of a walnut, can develop cancer when some of its cells grow abnormally. Prostate cancer is among the most common cancers in men.

Signs and Symptoms

Early-stage prostate cancer usually causes no symptoms. More advanced prostate cancer might cause:

• Difficulty urinating or decreased force in the stream of urine
• Blood in the urine or semen
• Bone pain
• Erectile dysfunction

Clinical Progression

Prostate cancer can grow slowly or aggressively. Aggressive types can spread quickly to other organs.

Prevalence

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer affecting European men and represents a significant public health challenge. With over 450,000 new cases diagnosed annually in Europe, prostate cancer accounts for about 23% of male cancer cases. Prevalence and mortality vary across regions: Western and Northern Europe record the highest incidence rates, attributed to factors like PSA testing and aging populations, while Eastern Europe generally shows lower incidence but higher mortality, linked to disparities in healthcare access and detection resources.

Despite rising diagnoses, mortality rates have stabilized or declined slightly in many European regions due to improved treatments, including surgery, radiation, and innovative therapies. Five-year survival rates are highest in Western Europe, reaching nearly 90%, while Eastern Europe has lower survival outcomes, underscoring a need for more equitable healthcare access.

Age is the primary risk factor, with most cases occurring in men over 65. Family history and lifestyle factors, such as diet and exercise, also play roles in risk levels.

The economic burden of prostate cancer is considerable, with treatments and related healthcare costs placing strain on national healthcare systems, especially in countries with older populations.